Apple

Family

Rosaceae

Habit

Tree

Height

9.5 m

Spread

8 m

Growth

medium

Lifespan

90 years

First yield

after 5 years

Yield per plant

up to 150 kg a year

Yield in cultivation

up to 30 t/ha

Energy yield

1500 kcal per m² a year

Hardiness

zone 3–8

Shade tolerance

partial shade

Soil

Sand, Silt, Loam, Clay

Soil moisture

semi-dry – very wet

pH

5.5 – 7

Synonyms

Apfelbaum, Malus pumila

Planned in gardens

40×

Times apply to the northern hemisphere in a temperate climate and shift with altitude and cultivar.

Edible: Apples can be consumed fresh, cooked, or dried. They come in various types, each offering unique tastes and consistencies, from tart to sweet, and from dry and soft to crunchy and succulent. Different varieties ripen at different times, with some ready by late July and others not until autumn, allowing for storage for over 12 months. Certain types of apples are high in pectin, useful for thickening jams and preserves, and believed to have radiation-protective properties. Apple seeds can be used to extract cooking oil.

Medicinal: A ripe raw apple counts among the foods the stomach digests most easily. Its juice binds surplus stomach acid and turns it into alkaline carbonates. The fruit is astringent and mildly laxative at once, which is why it is used against both diarrhoea and constipation; chewing it also cleans teeth and gums mechanically. The leaves contain phloretin, an antibacterial compound that is effective at a concentration of just 30 ppm. An infusion of the bark, above all the root bark, was traditionally taken against intermittent, remittent and bilious fevers. The root bark is further credited with cooling, sleep-inducing and anthelmintic properties.

Other uses: The apple fruit contains pectin, a thickening agent found in jams and other foods. Apples can naturally clean teeth and gums due to their mechanical action when eaten. Apple seed oil was historically utilized as a lamp fuel. The hard, compact, and fine-grained wood of the apple tree is versatile, commonly used for turning, tool handles, and firewood.

Prefers sunny locations but can tolerate partial shade, though fruit yield is reduced in less light. Thrives in fertile, humus-rich, well-drained soils with a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Can grow in heavy clay soils if drainage is adequate. Requires consistent moisture without waterlogging. Plant spacing typically ranges from 3 to 5 meters depending on rootstock and growth habit. Regular pruning improves fruit quality and harvest ease by removing old, diseased, or crossing branches. Balanced fertilization should be based on soil tests and plant needs. Hardy down to approximately -15 °C, with young trees needing protection from severe frost. Commonly produces root suckers that should be removed to reduce competition. Susceptible to: Apple scab (fungal leaf and fruit spots), powdery mildew (white fungal coating), fire blight (bacterial disease), aphids (sap-sucking insects), codling moth (fruit-boring larvae), apple blossom weevil (attacks flowers), honey fungus (root rot).

Mainly propagated vegetatively by grafting onto suitable rootstocks to control tree size and fruit quality. Seed propagation is possible but results in genetically variable offspring that are usually not true to type. Seeds are sown fresh in autumn or after three months of cold stratification in spring. Germination can take several months. Hardwood cuttings from mature wood can be rooted in a protected frame in November but are less commonly used.

Flowers provide abundant nectar and pollen, attracting honeybees and wild bees. Blooming in May, it is an important forage source. Fruits serve as food for birds, especially when overripe or fallen. The dense canopy offers shelter and nesting sites for birds and small mammals. Young trees may suffer browsing damage from deer and rabbits.

Special features: The most widely cultivated fruit in temperate climates Countless varieties in tall, semi-tall and dwarf varieties Good neighbors: (chives), nasturtiums, foxgloves, maple leaves (+storage), dandelions (ethylene→earlier ripening); Bad neighbors (storage): potatoes, carrots

Native to Central Asia, particularly the Tian Shan mountains region spanning Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and neighboring areas. Cultivated worldwide in temperate climates, with a long history of cultivation in Central Europe. Wild ancestor Malus sieversii occurs in Central Asia.

The cultivated apple is a bred form with no natural habitat of its own — it grows nowhere in the wild, only where people have planted it. Its ecological frame is therefore the cultural landscape: traditional orchards, gardens, field margins and commercial plantations on deep, moist, fertile soils in positions with warm summers and mild winters. The habitat of its ancestral species Malus sieversii, by contrast, is the wild fruit forest of the Tian Shan in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where apples form closed stands between 800 and 2000 m — apple forests found nowhere else. Among cultural biotopes the old standard orchard is the most valuable: tall-stemmed trees over extensively managed grassland are among the most species-rich habitats in Central Europe.